Leibniz may be considered the first computer scientist and information theorist, because of various reasons, including the fact that he documented the binary number system. In 1673, Gottfried Leibniz demonstrated a digital mechanical calculator, called the Stepped Reckoner. Wilhelm Schickard designed and constructed the first working mechanical calculator in 1623. Algorithms for performing computations have existed since antiquity, even before the development of sophisticated computing equipment. Machines for calculating fixed numerical tasks such as the abacus have existed since antiquity, aiding in computations such as multiplication and division. The earliest foundations of what would become computer science predate the invention of the modern digital computer. 13.1 Bibliography and academic search enginesĪda Lovelace published the first algorithm intended for processing on a computer.4.3.2 Social computing and human–computer interaction.
Within artificial intelligence, computer vision aims to understand and process image and video data, while natural language processing aims to understand and process textual and linguistic data. Artificial intelligence and machine learning aim to synthesize goal-orientated processes such as problem-solving, decision-making, environmental adaptation, planning and learning found in humans and animals. Computer architecture describes the construction of computer components and computer-operated equipment. Areas such as operating systems, networks and embedded systems investigate the principles and design behind complex systems.
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Human–computer interaction investigates the interfaces through which humans and computers interact, and software engineering focuses on the design and principles behind developing software. Programming language theory considers different ways to describe computational processes, and database theory concerns the management of repositories of data. Computer graphics and computational geometry address the generation of images.
The fields of cryptography and computer security involve studying the means for secure communication and for preventing security vulnerabilities. The theory of computation concerns abstract models of computation and general classes of problems that can be solved using them. Īlgorithms and data structures are central to computer science. Computer science is generally considered an area of academic research and distinct from computer programming. Computer science spans theoretical disciplines (such as algorithms, theory of computation, information theory, and automation) to practical disciplines (including the design and implementation of hardware and software). Computer science is the study of computation, automation, and information.
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